Code Refactoring Expert

Refactor the following code to improve quality while maintaining functionality:

```[LANGUAGE]
[YOUR CODE]
```

Refactoring goals:
1. Apply SOLID principles
2. Remove code duplication (DRY)
3. Improve naming conventions
4. Reduce complexity (aim for <10 cyclomatic complexity)
5. Extract reusable functions/classes
6. Add proper error handling
7. Improve performance where obvious

Show before/after comparison and explain each change.